Chapter 10: Sustainable policy

4. ‘I think the people in this country have had enough of experts... from organisations with acronyms saying that they know what is best and getting it consistently wrong.’
Michael Gove, Sky News, 3rd June 2016.

5. Launer J. Medical activism.
Postgrad Med J. 2021;97(1151):611-612. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2021-140809

6. Palmer PJ. A new professional: the aims of education revisited.
Change Mag High Learn. 2007;39(6):6-13. doi:10.3200/CHNG.39.6.6-13

7. Hart E, Kuijpers G, Laverack G, Scheele F. The process leading to physician activism for sustainable change.
Sustainability. 2021;13(18):10003. doi:10.3390/su131810003

8. Myers TA, Nisbet MC, Maibach EW, Leiserowitz AA. A public health frame arouses hopeful emotions about climate change.
Clim Change. 2012;113(3-4):1105-1112. doi:10.1007/s10584-012-0513-6

Welfare policy 9-15

9. Chapman, Jonathan. Democracy, redistribution, and inequality: evidence from the English poor law. Published online September 8, 2020.

10. Beveridge W. Beveridge report on voluntary action.
Mon Labor Rev. 1949;68(4).

11. Jay, Douglas. The Socialist Case.
Faber and Faber; 1937.

12. Brodie JM. Reforming social justice in neoliberal times.
Stud Soc Justice. 2007;1(2):93-107. doi:10.26522/ssj.v1i2.972

13. Coote, Anna, Penny, Joe. The Wrong Medicine: A Review of the Impacts of NHS Reforms in England.
New Economics Foundation; 2014.

14. Fotaki, Marianna. What Market-Based Patient Choice Can’t Do for the NHS: The Theory and Evidence of How Choice Works in Health Care.
Centre for Health and the Public Interest; 2014.

15. Lent, Adam, Pollard, Grace, Studdert, Jessica. A Community-Powered NHS: Making Prevention a Reality. New Local; 2022.

Is there such a thing as society? 16-34

16. Thatcher, Margaret. Interview for Woman’s Own ‘no such thing as society’ speech. September 23, 1987.
The actual text around this famour quote gives some context.

'I think we have gone through a period when too many children and people have been given to understand “I have a problem, it is the Government's job to cope with it!”' ... 'so they are casting their problems on society and who is society?'

'If children have a problem, it is society that is at fault. There is no such thing as society. There is living tapestry of men and women and people and the beauty of that tapestry and the quality of our lives will depend upon how much each of us is prepared to take responsibility for ourselves and each of us prepared to turn round and help by our own efforts those who are unfortunate.'

17. Blair, Tony. Speech to Women’s Institute. Women’s Institute conference; June 7, 2000; Wembley, London.

18. Lupton R. What is neighbourhood renewal policy for?
People Place Policy Online. 2013;7(2):66-72. doi:10.3351/ppp.0007.0002.0003

19. Barr B, Bambra C, Whitehead M. The impact of NHS resource allocation policy on health inequalities in England 2001-11: longitudinal ecological study.
BMJ. 2014;348(may27 6):g3231-g3231. doi:10.1136/bmj.g3231

20. Kruger D. Levelling up Our Communities: Proposals for a New Social Covenant; 2020.

21. ibid

22. Puddle, Jake, Rolfe, Heather. Building Stronger Communities in Post-Pandemic Britain. All Party Parliamentary Group on Social Integration; 2021.

23. CILIP. Public Libraries: The Case for Support.
Department of Health and Social Care; 2019.

24. Walker P, Allegretti A. Sunak’s £1bn of “town deals” will nearly all go to Tory constituencies.
The Guardian. Published March 3, 2021.
87% of towns benefitting from funding had Conservative MPs.

25. Davey F, McGowan V, Birch J, et al. Levelling up health: A practical, evidence-based framework for reducing health inequalities.
Public Health Pract. Published online September 2022:100322. doi:10.1016/j.puhip.2022.100322

26. Lindert PH. Three centuries of inequality in Britain and America.
In: Atkinson, AB, Bourguignon, François, eds. Handbook of Income Distribution. Vol 1. Elsevier; 2000:167-216. doi:10.1016/S1574-0056(00)80006-8
‘Robin Hood’s redistributive army is missing when and where it is most needed’.

27. Wang Z, Jetten J, Steffens NK. Restless in an unequal world: economic inequality fuels the desire for wealth and status.
Pers Soc Psychol Bull. Published online April 3, 2022:014616722210837. doi:10.1177/01461672221083747

28. Iacobucci G. “Levelling up” plan needs more funding and a focus on health inequalities, say experts.
BMJ. Published online February 4, 2022:o303. doi:10.1136/bmj.o303

29. Tudor Hart J. The Political Economy of Health Care: A Clinical Perspective.
The Policy Press; 2006. ISBN 9781861348081

30. Hope D, Limberg J. The economic consequences of major tax cuts for the rich.
Socio-Econ Rev. 2022;20(2):539-559. doi:10.1093/ser/mwab061

31. Lena HF, London B. The political and economic determinants of health outcomes: a cross-national analysis.
Int J Health Serv. 1993;23(3):585-602. doi:10.2190/EQUY-ACG8-X59F-AE99

32. Page A. Suicide and political regime in New South Wales and Australia during the 20th century.
J Epidemiol Community Health. 2002;56(10):766-772. doi:10.1136/jech.56.10.766

33. d’Este R, Harvey A. The unintended consequences of welfare reforms: universal credit, financial insecurity, and crime.
J Law Econ Organ. Published online July 9, 2022. doi:10.1093/jleo/ewac009

34. Walsh D, Dundas R, McCartney G, Gibson M, Seaman R. Bearing the burden of austerity: how do changing mortality rates in the UK compare between men and women?
J Epidemiol Community Health. Published online October 4, 2022:jech-2022-219645. doi:10.1136/jech-2022-219645

Polarisation and anomie 35-40

35. Hardman I. Why We Get the Wrong Politicians.
Atlantic Books; 2019. ISBN 9781782399735

36. Macfadyen, Peter. Flatpack Democracy 2.0.
eco-logic books; 2020. ISBN 9781899233229

37. Bale, Tim, Cheung, Aron, Cowley, Philip, Menon, Anand, Wager, Alan. Mind the Values Gap: The Social and Economic Values of MPs, Party Members and Voters.
The UK in a Changing Europe; 2020:19.

38. Dyer C. Covid-19: Government’s use of VIP lane for awarding PPE contracts was unlawful, says judge.
BMJ. Published online January 13, 2022:o96. doi:10.1136/bmj.o96

39. Durkheim, Émile. Suicide: A Study in Sociology.
Routledge; 1897.

40. Teymoori A, Bastian B, Jetten J. Towards a psychological analysis of anomie.
Polit Psychol. 2017;38(6):1009-1023. doi:10.1111/pops.12377

Meta-crisis 41-46

41. Lorenzoni I, Nicholson-Cole S, Whitmarsh L. Barriers perceived to engaging with climate change among the UK public and their policy implications.
Glob Environ Change. 2007;17(3-4):445-459. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2007.01.004

42. Brulle RJ. Institutionalizing delay: foundation funding and the creation of U.S. climate change counter-movement organizations.
Clim Change. 2014;122(4):681-694. doi:10.1007/s10584-013-1018-7

43. Hall S. Exxon knew about climate change almost 40 years ago.
Scientific American. Published October 26, 2015.

44. Garrett RK. Echo chambers online?: Politically motivated selective exposure among Internet news users.
J Comput-Mediat Commun. 2009;14(2):265-285. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01440.x

45. Swami V, Furnham A, Smyth N, Weis L, Lay A, Clow A. Putting the stress on conspiracy theories: Examining associations between psychological stress, anxiety, and belief in conspiracy theories.
Personal Individ Differ. 2016;99:72-76. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.084

46. Golec de Zavala A, Lantos D. Collective narcissism and its social consequences: the bad and the ugly.
Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2020;29(3):273-278. doi:10.1177/0963721420917703

Neoliberalism 47-52

47. Leshem D. Retrospectives: What did the ancient Greeks mean by oikonomia?
J Econ Perspect. 2016;30(1):225-238. doi:10.1257/jep.30.1.225

48. The game of Monopoly, originally designed as a satire on the harms from land-grabbing, is based on accumulating unearned income to buckle the Lorenz curve into a right angle. In the game, everyone starts with the same amount of money. In real life, an initial seed is needed, a nidus for money to coalesce around, which is not available to those struggling with subsistence.

49. Smith, Adam. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.
Strahan and Cadell; 1776. doi: 10.7208/chicago/9780226763750.001.0001

50. Marx K. Capital. Vol 1. 1981 st ed.
Penguin Books in association with New Left Review; 1867.

51. Tax Watch. Equality before the Law? HMRC’s Use of Criminal Prosecutions for Tax Fraud and Other Revenue Crimes. A Comparison with Benefits Fraud.
Tax Watch; 2021.

52. The societal cost of driving is £0.13/km, due to congestion, infrastructure provision, accidents, air quality, noise and greenhouse gases.
Transport Appraisal and Strategic Modelling (TASM) Division. TAG data book v1.15. Published online July 2021.

Sustainable changes 53-57

53. Watts N, Adger WN, Agnolucci P, et al. Health and climate change: policy responses to protect public health.
The Lancet. 2015;386(10006):1861-1914. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60854-6

54. O’Donnell, Gus, Deaton, Angus, Durand, Martine, Halpern, David, Layard, Richard. Wellbeing and Policy.
Legatum Institute; 2014.

55. Happy Planet Index. How happy is the planet?
https://happyplanetindex.org/

56. Stefaner, Moritz, Rausch, Frank, Leist, Jonas, Paeschke, Marcus, Baur, Dominikus, Kekeritz, Timm. OECD Better Life Index.

57. Hickel J. Less Is More: How Degrowth Will Save the World.
William Heinemann; 2020. ISBN 978178609121

How to talk about change 58-61

58. see note 3, OBR 2022

59. Lynch J. Reframing inequality? The health inequalities turn as a dangerous frame shift.
J Public Health. 2017;39(4):653-660. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdw140

60. Dorfman L, Wallack L, Woodruff K. More than a message: framing public health advocacy to change corporate practices.
Health Educ Behav. 2005;32(3):320-336. doi:10.1177/1090198105275046

61. How to disengage from the corporate sector.
https://www.noncorporate.org/

Open data 62-65

62. Godlee F. What can we salvage from care.data?
BMJ. Published online July 14, 2016:i3907. doi:10.1136/bmj.i3907

63. Goldacre, Ben, Morley, Jessica. Better, Broader, Safer: Using Health Data for Research and Analysis.
Department of Health and Social Care; 2022.

64. Shenton CR. NHS Python Community Website.
https://nhs-pycom.net/

65. NHS-R Community. Promoting the use of R in the NHS.
https://nhsrcommunity.com/

Universal basic services 66-70

66. Button, Daniel, Coote, Anna. A Social Guarantee: The Case for Universal Services.
New Economics Foundation; 2021.

67. Perkins G, Gilmore S, Guttormsen DSA, Taylor S. Analysing the impacts of Universal Basic Income in the changing world of work: Challenges to the psychological contract and a future research agenda.
Hum Resour Manag J. 2022;32(1):1-18. doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12348

68. Coote A, Percy A. The Case for Universal Basic Services.
Polity; 2020. ISBN 9781509539840

69. see note 66, Button 2021

70. see note 29, Tudor Hart 2006

Circular economy 71-77

71. Sacks J. The Money Trail: Measuring Your Impact on the Local Economy Using LM3.
New Economics Foundation; 2002.

72. Alexander M, Hamilton K. Recapturing place identification through community heritage marketing.
Eur J Mark. 2016;50(7/8):1118-1136. doi:10.1108/EJM-05-2013-0235

73. Singh, Sara. The Evolution of Giving: An Exploration of Time Banking as a Community Development Instrument.
University of South Carolina; 2017.

74. LowImpact.org. Mutual credit - an introduction.
https://www.lowimpact.org/categories/mutual-credit

75. Transition Network. Transition Towns.
https://transitionnetwork.org/

76. see note 41, Lorenzoni 2007

77. Gifford R. The dragons of inaction: psychological barriers that limit climate change mitigation and adaptation.
Am Psychol. 2011;66(4):290-302. doi:10.1037/a0023566

The seven dragons of inaction:

being unaware
ideological influences
comparisons
sunk costs
discredence
perceived risk
limited behaviour

Figures

Fig 10.1 Conceptual framework of anomie

Teymoori A, Bastian B, Jetten J. Towards a psychological analysis of anomie.
Polit Psychol. 2017;38(6):1009-1023. doi:10.1111/pops.12377
NB An error in the original image has been corrected

Code for image

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