Chapter 8: COVID-19
Notes, references, updates and links
Embedded Files
References
References
COVID-19 1-4
COVID-19 1-4
1. Tollefson J. How the coronavirus pandemic slashed carbon emissions — in five graphs.
Nature. 2020;582(7811):158-159. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-01497-0
2. Derryberry EP, Phillips JN, Derryberry GE, Blum MJ, Luther D. Singing in a silent spring: Birds respond to a half-century soundscape reversion during the COVID-19 shutdown.
Science. 2020;370(6516):575-579. doi:10.1126/science.abd5777
3. Russell C. Supporting community participation in a pandemic.
Gac Sanit. 2022;36(2):184-187. doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2021.01.001
4. Local Trust. Communities at Risk: The Early Impact of COVID-19 on ‘Left behind’ Neighbourhoods.
All-Party Parliamentary Group for ‘left behind’ neighbourhoods; 2020.
Antifragility is the process by which stressors can increase the performance of complex systems. Antifragile systems are able to increase their capacity in response to stressors. The body does the same thing, the outer periosteum thickening in response to loading [Bonnet 2010, doi 10.1138/20100453]. Osteoblastic activity producing new bone is stimulated by stresses such as exercise, and the bumps and knocks that sometimes come with activity.
Impacts of locking down 5-12
Impacts of locking down 5-12
5. Office for National Statistics. Exploring the UK’s Digital Divide.
ONS; 2019.
6. Mughal R, Thomson LJM, Daykin N, Chatterjee HJ. Rapid evidence review of community engagement and resources in the UK during the Covid-19 pandemic: how can community assets redress health inequities?
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(7):4086. doi:10.3390/ijerph19074086
7. Wood CJ, Barton J, Smyth N. A cross-sectional study of physical activity behaviour and associations with wellbeing during the UK coronavirus lockdown.
J Health Psychol. 2022;27(6):1432-1444. doi:10.1177/1359105321999710
8. Labib SM, Browning MHEM, Rigolon A, Helbich M, James P. Nature’s Contributions in Coping with a Pandemic in the 21st Century: A Narrative Review of Evidence during COVID-19.
EcoEvoRxiv; 2021. doi:10.32942/osf.io/j2pa8
9. Zabini F, Albanese L, Becheri FR, et al. Comparative study of the restorative effects of forest and urban videos during Covid-19 lockdown: intrinsic and benchmark values.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(21):8011. doi:10.3390/ijerph17218011
10. Office for National Statistics. Mapping Loneliness during the Coronavirus Pandemic.
ONS; 2021.
11. Hu Y, Qian Y. Covid-19, inter-household contact and mental well-being among older adults in the US and the UK.
Front Sociol. 2021;6:714626. doi:10.3389/fsoc.2021.714626
12. Suárez-González A, Rajagopalan J, Livingston G, Alladi S. The effect of Covid-19 isolation measures on the cognition and mental health of people living with dementia: a rapid systematic review of one year of evidence.
medRxiv. Published online 2021. doi:10.1101/2021.03.17.21253805
Social capital and COVID-19 13-21
Social capital and COVID-19 13-21
13. Pirkis J, John A, Shin S, et al. Suicide trends in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic: an interrupted time-series analysis of preliminary data from 21 countries.
Lancet Psychiatry. 2021;8(7):579-588. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00091-2
14. Fernandes-Jesus M, Mao G, Ntontis E, et al. More than a Covid-19 response: sustaining mutual aid groups during and beyond the pandemic.
Front Psychol. 2021;12:716202. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.716202
15. Long E, Patterson S, Maxwell K, et al. COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on social relationships and health.
J Epidemiol Community Health. 2022;76(2):128-132. doi:10.1136/jech-2021-216690
16. Office for National Statistics. Social Capital in the UK: April 2020 to March 2021.
ONS; 2022.
17. Abrams D, Lalot F, Broadwood J, Davies Hayon K. Community, Connection and Cohesion during Covid-19: Beyond Us and Them Report.
Nuffield Foundation; 2021:61.
18. Jones, Dan, Jopling, Kate, Kharicha, Kalpa. Loneliness beyond Covid-19: Learning the Lessons of the Pandemic for a Less Lonely Future.
Campaign to End Loneliness; 2021.
19. Boelman V. Volunteering and Wellbeing in the Pandemic. Part 2: Rapid Evidence Review.
The Young Foundation; 2021:59.
20. Mak H, Fancourt D. Predictors of engaging in voluntary work during the COVID-19 pandemic: analyses of data from 31,890 adults in the UK.
Perspect Public Health. Published online April 15, 2021. doi:10.1177/1757913921994146
21. Elliot Major, Lee, Eyles, Andrew, Machin, Stephen. Generation COVID: Emerging Work and Education Inequalities.
Centre for Economic Performance; 2020.
COVID-19 and inequality 22-30
COVID-19 and inequality 22-30
22. Kursumovic E, Lennane S, Cook TM. Deaths in healthcare workers due to COVID‐19: the need for robust data and analysis.
Anaesthesia. 2020;75(8):989-992. doi:10.1111/anae.15116
23. Chopra J, Abiakam N, Kim H, Metcalf C, Worsley P, Cheong Y. The influence of gender and ethnicity on facemasks and respiratory protective equipment fit: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
BMJ Glob Health. 2021;6(11):e005537. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005537
25. Pozzer A, Dominici F, Haines A, Witt C, Münzel T, Lelieveld J. Regional and global contributions of air pollution to risk of death from COVID-19.
Cardiovasc Res. 2020;116(14):2247-2253. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvaa288
26. Davies JB. Economic inequality and Covid-19 deaths and cases in the first wave: a cross-country analysis.
Can Public Policy. 2021;47(4):537-553. doi:10.3138/cpp.2021-033
27. Furceri D, Loungani P, Ostry JD, Pizzuto P. The rise in inequality after pandemics: can fiscal support play a mitigating role?
Ind Corp Change. 2021;30(2):445-457. doi:10.1093/icc/dtab031
28. The British Academy. The COVID Decade: Understanding the Long-Term Societal Impacts of COVID-19.
The British Academy; 2021. doi:10.5871/bac19stf/9780856726583.001
29. Lewer D, Braithwaite I, Bullock M, et al. COVID-19 among people experiencing homelessness in England: a modelling study.
Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(12):1181-1191. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30396-9
More than 14,000 homeless people were accommodated in the first wave, which along with access to testing (UK COVID-PROTECT scheme) was estimated to have avoided 266 deaths and 1,164 hospital admissions.
30. Office for National Statistics. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Related Deaths by Occupation, before and during Lockdown, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics.
ONS; 2020. Accessed June 9, 2022.
Politics of COVID-19 31-47
Politics of COVID-19 31-47
31. Jimenez J, Marr L, Randall K, et al. Echoes through time: the historical origins of the droplet dogma and its role in the misidentification of airborne respiratory infection transmission.
SSRN Electron J. Published online 2021. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3904176
32. Onakpoya IJ, Heneghan CJ, Spencer EA, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and the role of fomite transmission: a systematic review.
F1000Research. 2021;10:233. doi:10.12688/f1000research.51590.3
33. Chater N, Loewenstein GF. The i-frame and the s-frame: how focusing on the individual-level solutions has led behavioral public policy astray.
SSRN Electron J. Published online 2022. doi:10.2139/ssrn.4046264
34. Arnold KF, Gilthorpe MS, Alwan NA, et al. Estimating the effects of lockdown timing on COVID-19 cases and deaths in England: A counterfactual modelling study. Khudyakov YE, ed.
PLOS ONE. 2022;17(4):e0263432. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263432
If the UK had locked down a week earlier, it would have prevented 74% of cases and 34,000 deaths and reduced the time in lockdown from 69 to 35 days.
35. Bingham, Kate. Lessons from the vaccine taskforce. Romanes Lecture; November 23, 2021; University of Oxford.
Much more detail on the UK vaccine rollout in her book 'The Long Shot', ISBN 978-0861545643
36. Ryan, Michael. Daily press briefing. March 13, 2020; World Health Organisation.
37. Messenger, Steffan, Beltaji, Dana. Coronavirus: How did one county in Wales escape the worst of it? BBC News. Published June 24, 2020.
38. Foster R, Jones B, Carey I, et al. The Successful Use of Volunteers to Enhance NHS Test and Trace Contact Tracing of In-Patients with Covid-19: A Pilot Study.
Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS); 2021. doi:10.1101/2021.01.28.21250096
39. Abrams, Dominic, Lalot, Fanny. What Has Happened to Trust and Cohesion since Tier 4 Restrictions and the Third National Lockdown (December 2020 – March 2021)? Further Evidence from National Surveys.
Centre for the Study of Group Processes; 2021.
40. Wilkinson L. A Pressing Issue: Local Newspaper Performance and Local Election Turnout.
Plum Consulting; 2020.
41. Zaki BL, Nicoli F, Wayenberg E, Verschuere B. In trust we trust: The impact of trust in government on excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Public Policy Adm. 2022;37(2):226-252. doi:10.1177/09520767211058003
42. Pollock K, Coles E. Mind the gap: From recommendation to practice in crisis management. Exploring the gap between the “lessons identified” during Exercise Cygnus and the UK government response to COVID-19.
J Emerg Manag. 2021;19(7):133-149. doi:10.5055/jem.0596
43. Marmot, Michael, Allen, Jessica, Goldblatt, Peter, Herd, Eleanor, Morrison, Joana. Build Back Fairer: The Covid-19 Marmot Review. the Pandemic, Socioeconomic and Health Inequalities in England.
Institute of Health Equity; 2020:221.
44. Fetzer T. Subsidising the spread of COVID-19: Evidence from the UK’s Eat-Out-to-Help-Out scheme.
Econ J. 2022;132(643):1200-1217. doi:10.1093/ej/ueab074
45. Ritchie, Hannah, Mathieu, Edouard, Rodés-Guirao, Lucas, et al. Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) dataset. Published online August 25, 2022. Accessed August 25, 2022.
46. Vignoles VL, Jaser Z, Taylor F, Ntontis E. Harnessing shared identities to mobilize resilient responses to the Covid‐19 pandemic.
Polit Psychol. 2021;42(5):817-826. doi:10.1111/pops.12726
47. Zenone M, Snyder J, Marcon A, Caulfield T. Analyzing natural herd immunity media discourse in the United Kingdom and the United States. Sriram V, ed.
PLOS Glob Public Health. 2022;2(1):e0000078. doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0000078
Long Covid 48-54
Long Covid 48-54
48. Office for National Statistics. The prevalence of long COVID symptoms and COVID-19 complications. Published December 16, 2020.
49. Van de Vyver J, Leite AC, Alwan NA. Navigating the social identity of long covid.
BMJ. Published online November 26, 2021:n2933. doi:10.1136/bmj.n2933
50. Canino, Lucas, Gainty, Caitjan. Long covid-19 sufferers were given a new name for the condition. Why it matters.
Washington Post. Published March 22, 2021.
51. Nyström S, Hammarström P. Amyloidogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
J Am Chem Soc. 2022;144(20):8945-8950. doi:10.1021/jacs.2c03925
52. Douaud G, Lee S, Alfaro-Almagro F, et al. SARS-CoV-2 is associated with changes in brain structure in UK Biobank.
Nature. 2022;604(7907):697-707. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04569-5
53. Hampshire A, Trender W, Chamberlain SR, et al. Cognitive deficits in people who have recovered from COVID-19.
EClinicalMedicine. 2021;39:101044. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101044
54. English National Opera. ENO Breathe Programme.
Safely re-engaging with associational life 55-59
Safely re-engaging with associational life 55-59
55. Jimenez JL, Peng Z, Pagonis D. Systematic way to understand and classify the shared‐room airborne transmission risk of indoor spaces.
Indoor Air. 2022;32(5). doi:10.1111/ina.13025
56. Conway Morris A, Sharrocks K, Bousfield R, et al. The removal of airborne severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other microbial bioaerosols by air filtration on coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) surge units.
Clin Infect Dis. Published online October 30, 2021. doi:10.1093/cid/ciab933
57. Ricolfi, L. Controlled Mechanical Ventilation (CMV) Works.
David Hume Foundation; 2022.
58. Clean Air Crew. DIY box fan filters – Corsi-Rosenthal box.
59. Ferris M, Ferris R, Workman C, et al. Efficacy of FFP3 respirators for prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthcare workers.
eLife. 2021;10:e71131. doi:10.7554/eLife.71131
FFP mask filters trap viral particles in an electrostatic mesh, reducing exposure by 95% (FFP2) to 99% (FFP3).
Immunisation 60-65
Immunisation 60-65
60. Andrews, Nick, Stowe, Julia, Ismael, Sharif, et al. Impact of COVID-19 Vaccines on Mortality in England, December 2020 to March 2021.
Public Health England; 2021.
61. Lopez Bernal J, Andrews N, Gower C, et al. Effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines on covid-19 related symptoms, hospital admissions, and mortality in older adults in England: test negative case-control study.
BMJ. Published online May 13, 2021. doi:10.1136/bmj.n1088
62. Fridman A, Gershon R, Gneezy A. COVID-19 and vaccine hesitancy: A longitudinal study. Capraro V, ed.
PLOS ONE. 2021;16(4):e0250123. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250123
63. Bellis MA, Hughes K, Ford K, Madden HCE, Glendinning F, Wood S. Associations between adverse childhood experiences, attitudes towards COVID-19 restrictions and vaccine hesitancy: a cross-sectional study.
BMJ Open. 2022;12(2):e053915. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053915
Vaccine hesitancy increased fourfold in people with four or more ACEs.
64. Möller, Judith. Filter bubbles and digital echo chambers. In: Tumber, Howard, Waisbord, Silvio, eds. The Routledge Companion to Media Disinformation and Populism.
Routledge; 2021. doi: 10.4324/9781003004431-10
65. Wakefield JRH, Khauser A. Doing it for us: Community identification predicts willingness to receive a COVID‐19 vaccination via perceived sense of duty to the community.
J Community Appl Soc Psychol. 2021;31(5):603-614. doi:10.1002/casp.2542
COVID-19 and climate crisis 66-67
COVID-19 and climate crisis 66-67
66. Bedford J, Farrar J, Ihekweazu C, Kang G, Koopmans M, Nkengasong J. A new twenty-first century science for effective epidemic response.
Nature. 2019;575(7781):130-136. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1717-y
67. Drury J, Reicher S, Stott C. COVID‐19 in context: Why do people die in emergencies? It’s probably not because of collective psychology.
Br J Soc Psychol. 2020;59(3):686-693. doi:10.1111/bjso.12393
Lessons for the next crisis 68
Lessons for the next crisis 68
Institute for Public Policy Research; 2021.
Tables
Tables
Table 8.1 Impacts of COVID-19
Table 8.1 Impacts of COVID-19
a. Hanlon P, Chadwick F, Shah A, et al. COVID-19 – exploring the implications of long-term condition type and extent of multimorbidity on years of life lost: a modelling study.
Wellcome Open Res. 2021;5:75. doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15849.3
b. Wang H, Paulson KR, Pease SA, et al. Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21.
The Lancet. 2022;399(10334):1513-1536. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3
c. Office for National Statistics. Prevalence of Ongoing Symptoms Following Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection in the UK.
ONS; 2022.
d. Office for National Statistics. Mapping Loneliness during the Coronavirus Pandemic.
ONS; 2021.
e. Pope, Thomas, Tetlow, Gemma, Dalton, Grant. The Cost of Coronavirus.
Institute for Government; 2021.
f. Local Government Association. The Impact of COVID-19 on Culture, Leisure Tourism and Sport; 2020.
g. Sibieta, Luke. The Crisis in Lost Learning Calls for a Massive National Policy Response.
Institute for Fiscal Studies; 2021.
Page updated
Google Sites
Report abuse